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| 1851 |
| | | English textile magnate Titus Salt begins to build Saltaire as a model industrial village for his workers | |
|  | Saltaire Mills
English Heritage National Monuments Record
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| 1851 |
| | | The Australian gold rush begins with the discovery of gold fields at Ballarat and a few months later at Bendigo | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Commodore Matthew Perry, commanding a powerful US fleet, persuades the Japanese to open their country to western trade – ending their period of isolation | |
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| 1857 |
| | | David Livingstone urges upon a Cambridge audience the high ideal of taking 'commerce and Christianity' into Africa | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Edwin L. Drake strikes oil in Pennsylvania, leading to several local oil rushes | |
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| 1863 |
| | | The Metropolitan Railway, the world's first to go underground, opens in London using steam trains between Paddington and Farringdon Street | |
|  | Baker Street station on the new underground
London's Transport Museum
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| 1867 |
| | | A revival of the Prussian Zollverein, or customs union, includes all the German states except Austria | |
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| 1869 |
| | | The most famous of the three-masted tea-clippers, the Cutty Sark is launched at Dumbarton for service to and from China | |
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| 1870 |
| | | John D. Rockefeller and his partners establish the Standard Oil Company of Ohio | |
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| 1875 |
| | | Andrew Carnegie's new steel mill near Pittsburgh prospers through automation, new technology and non-union labour | |
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